RESUMEN
The demand for organic and functional food continues to increase yearly. Among the available functional foods, propolis is a bee product that has various beneficial properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, it generally is only available in ethanol solution, which has poor bioavailability, as it is relatively insoluble in water. The use of such ethanol extracts is often objectionable because of the alcohol content and because they have a strong and striking taste. Development of alternatives that can efficiently and safely increase solubility in water, and that meet organic production specifications, has been a challenge. To address these concerns, microcapsules were developed using spray-dryer technology from an emulsion based on EPP-AF® propolis and gum arabic (i-CAPS). These propolis-loaded microcapsules were characterized using FT-IR, SEM, TGA, HPLC, and spectrophotometric techniques, along with determination of antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antihypercholesterolemic activities, as well as permeability in in vitro models. The production system resulted in microcapsules with a spherical shape and an encapsulation efficiency of 93.7 ± 0.7%. They had IC50s of 2.654 ± 0.062 and 7.342 ± 0.058 µg/mL by FRAP and DPPH antioxidant methods, respectively. The EPP-AF® i-CAPS also had superior antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Antitumor activity was calculated based on the concentration that inhibited 50% of growth of AGS, Caco-2, and MCF-7 cell strains, giving results of 154.0 ± 1.0, 117 ± 1.0, and 271.0 ± 25 µg/mL, respectively. The microcapsule presentation reduced the permeation of cholesterol by 53.7%, demonstrating antihypercholesterolemic activity, and it improved the permeability of p-coumaric acid and artepillin C. The IC50 for NO production in RAW 264.7 cells was 59.0 ± 0.1 µg/mL. These findings demonstrate the potential of this new propolis product as a food and pharmaceutical ingredient, though additional studies are recommended to validate the safety of proposed dosages.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos , Própolis , Humanos , Própolis/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/análisis , Cápsulas , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Células CACO-2 , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Etanol , Agua , Antiinflamatorios/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The technologies used to produce the different dosage forms of propolis can selectively affect the original propolis compounds and their biological activities. The most common type of propolis extract is hydroethanolic. However, there is considerable demand for ethanol-free propolis presentations, including stable powder forms. Three propolis extract formulations were developed and investigated for chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity: polar propolis fraction (PPF), soluble propolis dry extract (PSDE), and microencapsulated propolis extract (MPE). The different technologies used to produce the extracts affected their physical appearance, chemical profile, and biological activity. PPF was found to contain mainly caffeic and p-Coumaric acid, while PSDE and MPE showed a chemical fingerprint closer to the original green propolis hydroalcoholic extract used. MPE, a fine powder (40% propolis in gum Arabic), was readily dispersible in water, and had less intense flavor, taste, and color than PSDE. PSDE, a fine powder (80% propolis) in maltodextrin as a carrier, was perfectly water-soluble and could be used in liquid formulations; it is transparent and has a strong bitter taste. PPF, a purified solid with large amounts of caffeic and p-Coumaric acids, had the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, and therefore merits further study. PSDE and MPE had antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and could be used in products tailored to specific needs.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos , Própolis , Antioxidantes/química , Própolis/química , Polvos , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/química , AguaRESUMEN
Animais em cativeiro tendem a viver em ambientes altamente previsíveis e estruturados onde raramente apresentam desafios do ambiente natural, e isso pode desencadear uma série de casos de extrema-respostas adaptativas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o bem-estar de um bugio cativo após o enriquecimento social e ambiental, assim como analisar, durante cada tratamento, a interação com os enriquecimentos ao longo dos dias. Os resultados apontaram uma diminuição contínua da maioria dos comportamentos estereotipados e aumento na interação social em todas as fases de enriquecimento. Estes resultados mostraram que houve uma melhoria no bem-estar deste animal após a introdução da fêmea e do espelho.
Animals in captivity tend to live in highly structured and predictable where rarely present challenges of the natural environment and this can trigger a series of cases of extreme adaptive responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the welfare of captive howler monkey after a social and environmental enrichment. Beyond to analyze, for each treatment, the interaction with the enrichments along the days. Results showed a continuous decrease in the most stereotyped behaviors and increased social interaction at all stages of enrichment. These results showed an improvement in the welfare of this animal after the introduction of the female and the mirror.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Alouatta , Bienestar del Animal , Ambiente , Etología , PrimatesRESUMEN
Animais em cativeiro tendem a viver em ambientes altamente previsíveis e estruturados onde raramente apresentam desafios do ambiente natural, e isso pode desencadear uma série de casos de extrema-respostas adaptativas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o bem-estar de um bugio cativo após o enriquecimento social e ambiental, assim como analisar, durante cada tratamento, a interação com os enriquecimentos ao longo dos dias. Os resultados apontaram uma diminuição contínua da maioria dos comportamentos estereotipados e aumento na interação social em todas as fases de enriquecimento. Estes resultados mostraram que houve uma melhoria no bem-estar deste animal após a introdução da fêmea e do espelho.(AU)
Animals in captivity tend to live in highly structured and predictable where rarely present challenges of the natural environment and this can trigger a series of cases of extreme adaptive responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the welfare of captive howler monkey after a social and environmental enrichment. Beyond to analyze, for each treatment, the interaction with the enrichments along the days. Results showed a continuous decrease in the most stereotyped behaviors and increased social interaction at all stages of enrichment. These results showed an improvement in the welfare of this animal after the introduction of the female and the mirror.(AU)
